1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

　　[參考譯文] 美國的經(jīng)濟是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場導向經(jīng)濟為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟中，消費者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。

　　2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

　　[參考譯文] 因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體系中，個體消費者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。

　　3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

　　[參考譯文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會反過來降低價格并允許更多的消 費者購買產(chǎn)品。

　　4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

　　[參考譯文] 在美國經(jīng)濟中，私有財產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán)，也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個產(chǎn)品價格和與另一個私人個體(經(jīng)濟單位) 自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。

　　5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.

　　[參考譯文] 同時這些計算機記錄下哪些時間是最忙的，哪些員工工作效率最高，這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計算機)也能為促銷活動找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。

　　6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

　　[參考譯文] 不計其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志出版商，從公用燃氣電力設(shè)施到牛奶處理廠，都通過計算機的使用給消費者帶來更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。

　　7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

　　[參考譯文] 殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能，他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。，

　　8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

　　[參考譯文] 在過去的30年中，公共教育中顯示的對殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會中的一種中強烈的情緒，那就是所有的公民，不管其情況有多特殊，都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機會。

　　9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

　　[參考譯文] 它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個堅固的國內(nèi)市場，同時也使以具有競爭力的價格提供出口變得可能。

　　10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

　　[參考譯文] 除去議會有27件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件，沒有任何一個正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。

　　11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.

　　[參考譯文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言，如果這不是完全不可能達到的，也是非常難做的，因為即便是一個諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細節(jié)都會具有微妙的說服意味，那么廣告就會如此地乏味以至于沒有人 會關(guān)注它。

　　12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.

　　[參考譯文] 得到了升遷的工人們，成績進步的學生，學會了一門新語言的外國人一 一這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。

　　13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

　　[參考譯文] 隨著家庭離開他們原來穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)，離開他們多年的朋友和擴展的家庭關(guān)系，非正式的信息流動被切斷了，隨之而去的是對在需要時能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。

　　14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

　　[參考譯文] 現(xiàn)在每個人能夠得到的信息比任何時代的人都多，而找到與他/她的特定問題相關(guān)的那一點信息的任務(wù)不僅復雜、耗時，有時甚至令人難以招 。

　　15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.

　　[參考譯文] 通過遠程會議，專家知識可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享，而爭論的問題能夠得到解決，同時相關(guān)人員也不必離開他們的家庭或工作跑到一個遙遠的開會地點。

　　16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates oragainst the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.

　　[參考譯文] 現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學或時間競爭的熱情導致了一個雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競爭的A類好像在某個方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一籌。

　　17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

　　[參考譯文] 在跟你談話的時候，可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng) 驗和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一 種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來。

　　18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.

　　[參考譯文] 英國廣播公司將作為一個公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下來，至少目前 會這樣，但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國成了全國上下 的討論話題。

　　19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

　　[參考譯文] 這場辯論是由政府發(fā)動的，政府請任何一個對英國廣播公司有意見的人 一包括普通的聽眾和觀眾一來說說這個公司好在哪里或壞在哪里，甚至 要說說他們是否認為這個公司值得被保留下來。

　　20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

　　[參考譯文] 這種變化通過引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個新時代的技術(shù)要求， 并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的 創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導公司)的時候，經(jīng)常會毀掉那些 家族公司的財富。

　　21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

　　[參考譯文] 這樣巨大而非個人的對資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的*縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他 們作為一個階級的重要性，這是國家生活中代表不負責任的財富的一個 因素，這種財富不但遠離了土地和土地擁有者的責任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c 公司的負責任的管理毫無關(guān)系。

　　22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community exceptthat of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

　　[參考譯文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的“舒 適”階級提供居住場所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作，他們除了 分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會，向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外，跟 社會的其他階層毫無瓜葛。

　　23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

　　[參考譯文] 這樣的"股東"對他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需 求一無所知，而且他們對勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

　　24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

　　[參考譯文] 代表公司的花錢雇來的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連 他對工人們也沒有那種熟識的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古 老家族公司的那種更加家長式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對他們的工人有 這樣的私人關(guān)系。

　　25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

　　[參考譯文] 在許多形成因素當中，我將挑選出這些:這個國家優(yōu)秀的小學教育:歡 迎新技術(shù)的勞動者們:獎勵發(fā)明者的做法；而且最重要的是美國人在對 那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語的、"空間性的"思考方面的天賦。

　　26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".

　　[參考譯文] 正如尤金•弗格森所指出的那樣:"一個技術(shù)專家思考那些不能被簡化成 能被清楚的語言描述的東西。這些東西在他的思維中是通過一種視覺的、 非語言表述的過程宋處理的……設(shè)計者和發(fā)明者……能夠在他們的腦中 裝配并*作那些還不存在的裝置。"

　　27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".

　　[參考譯文] 羅伯特•法歐特曾經(jīng)這樣寫到:"一個技師會坐在杠桿、螺絲釘、楔子、 輪子等等當中，就像一個詩人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把這些字母看成 自己思想的展示，在這樣的展示中，每種新的次序安排都傳達了--種新 的思想。"

　　28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

　　[參考譯文] 在最后三章中，他脫下手套，將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他 們的活動和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而且，對于那些對神造論者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人來 說，神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實的程度可能會令這些人有一種不快的詫異。

　　29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　[參考譯文] 在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上，史蒂芬•杰伊•古爾德寫道:"這本書本 身就代表理性。"而它確實是這樣的--而且如果理性成為神造論/地化 論之間的辯論中的惟一評判標準的話，一切就都好辦了。

　　30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

　　[參考譯文] 經(jīng)過了六個月的爭論以及最后16個小時激烈的議會辯論，澳大利亞北 部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立 法當局。

　　31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

　　[參考譯文] 一些機構(gòu)終于松了一口氣，但是其他一些機構(gòu)，包括教堂，倡導生命之 權(quán)的團體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學協(xié)會，尖銳地抨擊這個法案，指責法案的通過 過于匆忙。但是大勢已定，不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。，

　　32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

　　[參考譯文] 在澳大利亞--人口老齡化，延長壽命的技術(shù)和變化看的社會態(tài)度，這 些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會考慮制定相似的關(guān)于安樂死的 法律。

　　33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

　　[參考譯文] 當然，例外是存在的。在美國，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯?shù)膫髡撸蜎]有 禮貌的出租車司機也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見，這 使得它值得被討論一下。

　　34. We live in a society in which the medicinal andsocial use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

　　[參考譯文] 我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫(yī)學用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里: 一片用來止頭痛的阿斯匹林，一些用來社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神 所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。

　　35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

　　[參考譯文] 對藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所 需要的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現(xiàn)為當停止用藥后，令人不快的停藥 癥狀的出現(xiàn)。

　　36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"

　　[參考譯文] 上星期參議員羅博特多爾質(zhì)問時代華納公司的高級管理人員們:"難道這 就是你們希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?你們已經(jīng)出賣了自己的靈魂，但是難道 你們還非要腐化我們的國家，威脅我們的孩子們嗎?"

　　37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."

　　[參考譯文] "對任何一個民主社會的考驗，"他在《華爾街雜志》的一個專欄文章中 寫到，"不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見的表達，而在于這個社會是 否能給予思考和表達的盡可能廣泛的自由，不管有時候這種結(jié)果是多么 的富有爭議或令人不快…"

　　38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

　　[參考譯文] 在-上個月的股東大會上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中，萊文宣稱說:"音樂不是 社會問題的原因"，他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克 斯的一個教師，并用說唱音樂與學生們進行溝通。

　　39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.

　　[參考譯文] 有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯，例如"輕踩剎車"以"*縱經(jīng)濟軟著 陸"，使貨幣政策聽起來像是一門精確的科學。沒有什么比這更遠離實際 情況的了。

　　40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.

　　[參考譯文] 經(jīng)濟學家們對英國和美國的有利的通貨膨脹數(shù)據(jù)尤其感到驚訝，因為傳 統(tǒng)的計量方法顯示兩國的經(jīng)濟，特別是美國的經(jīng)濟，幾乎沒有生產(chǎn)蕭條 的時候。

　　41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

　　[參考譯文] 很不幸，這最令人震驚的解釋有一點缺陷。一些經(jīng)濟學家認為世界經(jīng)濟 結(jié)構(gòu)的強有力的變化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了那個以經(jīng)濟增長和通貨膨脹的歷史關(guān)聯(lián) 為基礎(chǔ)的舊的經(jīng)濟模式。

　　42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

　　[參考譯文] 例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前 所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換宋的就是這么個疾病滋生的水 庫，現(xiàn)在這個水庫積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發(fā)電了。

　　43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,

　　[參考譯文] 企業(yè)重組的新方法--所有那些重新設(shè)計、縮小規(guī)模的做法--只是對 一個經(jīng)濟的整體生產(chǎn)力做出了一方面的貢獻。這種經(jīng)濟還受許多其他因 素的驅(qū)動，比如結(jié)合設(shè)備和機械上的投資、新技術(shù)，以及在教育和培訓 上的投資。

　　44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.

　　[參考譯文] 他的同事邁克爾•比爾說，有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機械的方式實行公 司內(nèi)部的重新設(shè)計，在沒有充分考慮長期贏利的能力下削減了成本。

　　45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from S.cience and Reason" , held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.

　　[參考譯文] 科學衛(wèi)士們在會議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注，比如1995年在紐約市舉行的 "逃離科學與理性"會議，以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開的"(錯誤) 信息時代的科學"會議。

　　46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

　　[參考譯文] 一項關(guān)于1996年新聞報道的調(diào)查顯示，反科學的標簽還可以貼在許多其 他團體身上，從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機構(gòu)，到鼓吹削減 基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學的標簽)。

　　47. The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

　　[參考譯文] 環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)、斯坦福大學的保羅•厄爾里西認為，科學真正的敵人 是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業(yè)發(fā)展的其他后果的證據(jù)提 出置疑的人。

　　48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

　　[參考譯文] 這種發(fā)展--以及其對美國政治、經(jīng)濟在未來幾年的潛在的強有力的影 響一一使得南部在全國人口普查中有史以來首次成為美國人口最密集 的地區(qū)。

　　49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog.crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

　　[參考譯文] 他們常常選擇--現(xiàn)在依然這樣選擇--居住在那些氣候較為寒冷的地 區(qū)， 比如俄勒岡、愛達荷，還有阿拉斯加，為的是逃避煙霧、犯罪， 以及"金州"(加利福尼亞)城市化進程中的其他問題。

　　50. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

　　[參考譯文] 結(jié)果，加利福尼亞的人口增長率在20世紀70年代時下降到了18.5％一 一稍高于60年代增長率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。

　　51. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

　　[參考譯文] 跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是，它們(熱點)并不總是在由構(gòu)成地球 表面巨大漂流板塊之間的邊界上出現(xiàn)；相反，它們中有許多位于一個板 塊較縱深的內(nèi)部。

　　52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.

　　[參考譯文] 攜帶這些大陸板塊的相對運動已經(jīng)能夠被詳細地表述出來，但是這些板 塊相對于另一些板塊的運動還不能輕易地解釋為它們相對于地球內(nèi)部 的運動。

　　53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continentmay break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

　　[參考譯文] 暫缺

　　54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

　　[參考譯文] 盡管警告常常是適當而且必須的--比如對于藥物相互作用的危險提出 警告--許多警告還是按州或聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的，然而(我們) 并不清楚，如果顧客受到傷害時，這些警告是不是確實可以使得生產(chǎn)者 和銷售者豁免責任。

　　55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

　　[參考譯文] 與此同時，美國法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成，他 們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導方針，宣稱公司不 必提醒顧客注意顯而易見的危險，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請他們注意 一些可能會出現(xiàn)的危險。

　　56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

　　[參考譯文] 但是，在過去的一年間，軟件公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)出工具，使得公司可以直接 將信息"推出"給顧客，直接把營銷訊息傳遞給目標顧客。

　　57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

　　[參考譯文] 像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon.com這樣的先驅(qū)網(wǎng)站表明，一個將交互性、 熱情服務(wù)和安全性合理結(jié)合以銷售同類商品的網(wǎng)址是可以吸引網(wǎng)上客戶 注意的。

　　58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.

　　[參考譯文] 有些人為了學生的就業(yè)前景為教室里放置電腦而辯，有些人為教育的徹 底改革中更為廣泛的理由為教室里放置電腦而辯，這兩群人之間有一條 無形的界線。

　　59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

　　[參考譯文] 我們更應(yīng)該具有的是作為美國公民的某種觀念，這個公民人物如果不能 很恰當?shù)卣J識到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影響， 那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

　　60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

　　[參考譯文] 另外，在我們這么一個大國里，經(jīng)濟延展到這么多的州、涉及到這么多 的國際公司，因而要按照數(shù)量培養(yǎng)出所需的各類專業(yè)人員是不大可能的，

　　61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

　　[參考譯文] 但是，對一個小部分學生來說，職業(yè)教育也是條可取的路徑。因為在 其他因素相同的情況下，技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關(guān)鍵。

　　62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

　　[參考譯文] 他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類，并下令 . 不準聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗--盡管還沒有人建議這么做--他 還請一個以普林斯頓大學校長哈羅得•夏皮羅為首的獨立的專家組在90 天內(nèi)向白宮匯報關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。 63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning". 參考譯文] 在5月17日的會議上所討論的這份建議書的序言草案中，夏皮羅提出， 專家組已經(jīng)達成廣泛共識，那就是"試圖通過成人細胞核克隆來制造人類幼兒的 做法在道德上是不可接受的"。

　　64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

　　[參考譯文] 因為現(xiàn)今的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆胚胎(人類后裔在出生 前的最早階段)用于研究或者有意地威脅胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研 究上將保持沉默。

　　65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

　　[參考譯文] 如果試驗是像科學雜志上的報告所示的那樣如實地根據(jù)計劃規(guī)劃和實施的話，那么對管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。

　　66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

　　[參考譯文] 審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準備做什么、怎么做的科學家不應(yīng)該因為必須一只眼盯著收銀機，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。

　　67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."

　　[參考譯文] 如果科學家對標準式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一 樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的"思維與眾不同的人"，喜歡其 中較為傳統(tǒng)的"善于團隊合作"的思想者而受到指責了。

　　68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.

　　[參考譯文] 當今人與人在很大程度上的平等--即面對自然淘汰法則人人機會均等，并且連子嗣的數(shù)目都一樣--意味著和在印度土著部落中的情況相比， 印度中上層階級中已喪失了80％的自然選擇中的優(yōu)勢。

　　69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

　　[參考譯文] 當藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一個新運動發(fā)展成某種流行時尚時，最好應(yīng)該弄清這場運動倡導者的真正意圖，因為，不管他們的原則在今天看來多么牽強無理，很可能多年以后他們的理論會被視為正常。

　　70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.

　　[參考譯文] 然而就未來主義詩歌來說，情況則不這么簡單了，因為不管未來主義詩歌是什么--就算承認它賴以存在的理論基礎(chǔ)都是正確的--這種形式也很難被歸入文學。

　　71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

　　[參考譯文] 但當我們先是從注釋中得知某詩行講述了一個土耳其軍官和一個保 加利亞軍官在橋上動手打架并雙雙掉進河里，而后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)該行詩中不過只充斥著"撲通，撲通，185公斤重"這類對他們落水時的動靜以及對軍官們體重的描寫時，我們不免感到困惑不安。

　　72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

　　[參考譯文] 戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導的勞動力市場使得青少年的發(fā)展機會變得極為有限，他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學校和體面工作的嚴酷的社會階梯而做出的巨大的個人 犧牲。

　　73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".

　　[參考譯文] 去年，當擔任教育部長職務(wù)的瀨戶光夫爭辯說二戰(zhàn)后由美國占領(lǐng)當局引入的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)"的時候，輿論嘩然。

　　74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.

　　[參考譯文] 隨著經(jīng)濟的增長，出現(xiàn)了集中化:全國1.19億公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市:在這里，原來的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄，取而代之的是與外界疏于往來的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。

　　75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least a-mong them.

　　[參考譯文] 如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力，那么這傳統(tǒng)必會為許多人分享；尤其會受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睞，在這些人中受過良好教育的可不占少數(shù)。

　　76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

　　[參考譯文] 當然，人們現(xiàn)在對成功及其各種標志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏 別墅、歐陸旅行、寶馬車--地點、地名以及品牌或許會有變化，但這類事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會亞于一二十年前。

　　77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

　　[參考譯文] 相反，我們被款待看到這樣一些虛偽的壯觀景象，他們似乎比以前的任何時候都更供應(yīng)充足:美國式物質(zhì)主義的批判者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊:激進書籍的出版商卻在三星級餐廳享用一日三餐；倡導在人生各個階段的參與民主制的記者，他的子女卻就讀于私立學校。

　　78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.

　　[參考譯文] 科學領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛好者之間劃不出涇渭分明的界線:因為任何規(guī)則都有例外。然而，"業(yè)余"一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融入職業(yè)科學界，尤其未能分享科學圈子的價值。

　　79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.

　　[參考譯文] 很自然，這種趨勢會在尤以數(shù)學或?qū)嶒炇矣柧殲榛A(chǔ)的自然學科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)最為明顯，并且可以英國的地質(zhì)學發(fā)展作例證來說明。

　　80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

　　[參考譯文] 將過去一個半世紀英國地質(zhì)學領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較，(我們)就會發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對科研的主導地位的強調(diào)不斷攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的定義也有所變化。

　　81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.

　　[參考譯文] 這樣一來總的結(jié)果便是業(yè)余愛好者想在專業(yè)地質(zhì)學期刊…卜發(fā)表文章就更難了，而被廣泛使用的論文評審推薦制度又進一步強化了這一結(jié)果，該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀的國家級刊物上，后又在20世紀被幾家地方級地質(zhì)學刊物所使用。

　　82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led toprofessional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　[參考譯文] 一個頗為相似的分化過程已經(jīng)導致專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學家走到一起組成一到兩個全國性的專科學術(shù)社團，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團，要么也以另一種方式組成全國性機構(gòu)。

　　83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　[參考譯文] 遺憾地講，這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些十分低層次的發(fā)現(xiàn)，比如新聞報道中的事實錯誤，拼寫或語法錯誤(和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn))交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑，譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。

　　84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.

　　[參考譯文] 我認為巨大的并購浪潮背后的最重要的推動力同時也就是促成全球化進程的那方基石:即降低交通運輸成本，逐漸減少貿(mào)易投資壁壘，以及大幅度拓展市場，這些都要求更大規(guī)模的經(jīng)營管理以滿足消費者需求。

　　85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."

　　[參考譯文] 一次側(cè)面的不光明磊落的攻擊傷害了我的自尊，阻礙了我事業(yè)的發(fā)展，使我不得不拋棄了那份引人注目的工作，盡管表面上我還要以一個蒙受屈辱的政府部長的姿態(tài)，通過聲稱"我只不過是想多和家人呆在一起" 來掩蓋我的退出。

　　86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

　　[參考譯文] 或許正像凱爾西在不堪積勞重負而公開地辭去她在《她》雜志社的編輯 一職之后一樣，我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，放棄那種"為生活忙碌"的人生信條并轉(zhuǎn) 而追求比較悠閑的生活帶給你的回報遠遠大于經(jīng)濟成功和社會地位。

　　87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

　　[參考譯文] 在美國，這一返樸趨勢是以經(jīng)濟衰落的反應(yīng)為開始的--那是在80年 代末期裁員而引起大量的失業(yè)之后一一現(xiàn)在依然與提倡節(jié)儉的政綱相: 關(guān)；而在英國，最起碼在我所熟識的中產(chǎn)階級返樸歸隱者中，追求簡約； 生活的原因就多種多樣了。

　　88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the' 80s, down-shifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.

　　[參考譯文] 對于我這一代曾在整個80年代為生活奔波的女人來說，90年代中期出 現(xiàn)的歸隱恬退與其說是我們尋求一種神話般的美好生活--用有機肥種植蔬菜，并且自己放棄一切的風險--不如說是我們清醒地認識到自身；能力是有限的這一事實。

　　89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it' 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties.

　　[參考譯文] 如果你是你講話對象中的一員，那么你就身處一種(有利)位置宋了解對你們來說都很普遍的經(jīng)歷和問題，而且你對餐廳中難以下咽的食物或老總臭名昭彰的領(lǐng)帶品位進行隨意評判也是合適的。

　　90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone

　　[參考譯文] 現(xiàn)在已有一些機器人系統(tǒng)能夠進行精確到毫米以下的腦部和骨骼手術(shù)——這要比極具技巧的醫(yī)生單單用手精確得多。

　　91. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least' a few decisions for them- selves-goals that pose a real challenge.

　　[參考譯文] 但是如果機器人要達到節(jié)省人工的下一個階段，它們將必須在更少的人力監(jiān)督之下工作，而且還要能夠自己作出至少幾個決定--這些目標才會引發(fā)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。

　　92. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

　　[參考譯文] 但是人類的頭腦可以只迅速地瞟一眼一個快速改變的場面，然后立刻放棄98％的不相關(guān)部分，而馬上聚焦于一條崎嶇森林道路邊的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一張可疑的臉。

　　93. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP.

　　[參考譯文] OECD在其最近的《經(jīng)濟瞭望》中估計，如果石油價格與1998年的每 桶13美元相比在一年中平均為每22美元，這也只會給富裕的經(jīng)濟體的 石油進口賬單上增加GDP的0.25％到0.5％。

　　94. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

　　[參考譯文] 另外一個不應(yīng)因油價上漲而失眠的原因是，這次不像70年代的那些次上漲，它并不是在普遍的商品價格暴漲和全球需求過旺的背景之下發(fā)生的。

　　95. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

　　[參考譯文] 盡管它裁決并沒有憲法權(quán)利來支持醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為，最高法院實際上支持了被稱為"雙重效果"的醫(yī)療原則；這個已有幾個世紀歷史的道德原則認為一個可能有兩個效果的行為--一個想要達到的好的效果和一個已經(jīng)預見到的有害的效果是被允許的，如果行為的實施者想要的 只是好的效果的話。

　　96. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."

　　[參考譯文] Nancy Dubler，Montehore醫(yī)療中心的主任，認為這一原則將會保護這樣一些醫(yī)生，他們到目前為止還強烈堅持他們不能夠給病人足量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑來控制他們的疼痛，如果這么做會加速他們的死亡的話。

　　97. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

　　[參考譯文] 在另一個層面上，很多醫(yī)療界的人承認，關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論部分是因為病人的絕望情緒，對他們來說，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學已經(jīng)延長了死亡的身體痛苦。

　　98. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end--of--life care.

　　[參考譯文] 它把對疼痛的治療不足和盲目積極使用"有可能延長死亡時間甚至讓死亡過程蒙羞的無效并且強迫性的醫(yī)療手段"視為生命臨終醫(yī)護的兩個問題。

　　99. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.

　　[參考譯文] 換句話說，在媒介機構(gòu)的新聞采編室文化中存在著--套約定俗成的寫作模式，為新聞報道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。若沒有這些，新聞內(nèi)容就會一團混亂，讓人摸不著頭腦。，

　　100. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

　　[參考譯文] 如果新聞界真的注意到了問題的關(guān)鍵，它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化項目，這個項目現(xiàn)在還只單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工，而進一步尋找那些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層大相徑庭的各種記者。