The Scientist: 2011.4.24-5.24遺傳學(xué)和基因組學(xué)七大新聞
一瞥千名科學(xué)家(Faculty of 1000)評(píng)分最高的遺傳學(xué)和基因組學(xué)方面的論文
「Towersimper注:本文為譯文,僅用作研究之用,不得用作商業(yè)開發(fā),轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)標(biāo)明翻譯者towersimper」
[The Scientist: May 24, 2011 by Cristina Luiggi]
1.長鏈非編碼RNA的新作用
利用染色體形成的環(huán),基因間的長鏈非編碼RNA(long intergenic noncoding RNA, lincRNA)能激活相隔超遠(yuǎn)距離的HOXA基因(其基因家族參與細(xì)胞成型化),這也是已知的為數(shù)不多的lincRNA激活基因的例子之一。
K.C. Wang, et al., "A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression," Nature, 472:120-4, 2011. Evaluated by W. Lee Kraus, Univ of Texas; Panagiotis Ntziachristos and Iannis Aifantis, HHMI/New York Univ School of Medicine; Leonie Ringrose, Inst of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Austria; Pamela Geyer, Univ of Iowa.
2.染色體分離
細(xì)胞分裂期間,要使得染色體正確分離,紡錘體微管必須合適地附著到稱作著絲粒(kinetochore)的蛋白復(fù)合體上。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞通過激酶Aurora B磷酸化和蛋白磷酸酶1(PP1)去磷酸化著絲粒蛋白來調(diào)控這個(gè)過程。
D. Liu, et al., "Regulated targeting of protein phosphatase 1 to the outer kinetochore by KNL1 opposes Aurora B kinase1," J Cell Biol,188:809-20, 2011. Evaluated by Tomoyuki Tanaka, Univ of Dundee, UK; Stefan Westermann, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Austria; Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy. Univ of Ottawa, Canada; Vincent Vanoosthuyse and Kevin Hardwick, Univ of Edinburgh, UK.
3. 消除脅迫在植物中留下的遺傳記憶
當(dāng)遭遇環(huán)境脅迫因素(stressor),如熱時(shí),植物激活稱作逆轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)座子(retrotransposon)的可移動(dòng)遺傳因子(mobile genetic element),而逆轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)座子復(fù)制自己,并插入到基因組內(nèi),誘導(dǎo)遺傳變化,從而有助于植物應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境脅迫。在擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中,小干涉性RNA(siRNA)抑制由熱脅迫激活的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)座子轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而在有性繁殖之前消除環(huán)境脅迫在基因組上留下的痕跡,這樣就能確保植株后代沒有儲(chǔ)存脅迫留下來的遺傳記憶。
H. Ito, et al., "An siRNA pathway prevents transgenerational retrotransposition in plants subjected to stress," Nature, 6472:115-9, 2011. Evaluated by Robert Sablowski, John Innes Centre, UK; Renate Schmidt, IPK Gatersleben, Germany; Ian Henderson, Univ of Cambridge, UK.
4.同行評(píng)審的黃金規(guī)則
在細(xì)胞的分子生物學(xué)(Molecular Biology of the Cell)雜志的一篇社論中,雜志主編為怎樣成為一名公正的和建設(shè)性的評(píng)審員提供一些指導(dǎo)規(guī)則,其中第一條規(guī)則就是“除非你做到公正無私,否則從不接受邀請(qǐng)去評(píng)審他人的稿件”。
DG Drubin, "Any jackass can trash a manuscript, but it takes good scholarship to create one (how MBoC promotes civil and constructive peer review)," Mol Biol Cell, 22:525-7, 2011. Evaluated by Etienne Joly, CNRS, France; Ferdinando Boero, Universita' del Salento, Italy; Gerald Zamponi, Univ of Calgary, Canada; Larry Kane, Univ of Pittsburgh.
5.谷氨酸受體類似蛋白(GLR)的新作用
針對(duì)秀麗隱桿線蟲的陰門成型化(vulval patterning),人們提出了兩種機(jī)制,最新研究表明這兩種機(jī)制并不是相互排斥的。根據(jù)一個(gè)計(jì)算模型,這兩種途徑之間相互作用的變化導(dǎo)致能選擇兩種不同的細(xì)胞成型化模式中的一種:順序模式(級(jí)聯(lián)模式)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)或產(chǎn)生成形素(morphogen)梯度,這樣就解決了關(guān)于陰門細(xì)胞命運(yùn)的長期爭執(zhí)。
E. Michard, et al., "Glutamate receptor-like genes form Ca2+ channels in pollen tubes and are regulated by pistil D-serine," Science, 332:434-7, 2011. Evaluated by Heng-Cheng Hu and Caren Chang, Univ of Maryland; Wagner Araujo and Alisdair Fernie, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Germany; Wataru Sakamoto, Okayama Univ, Japan.
6.揭示植物去甲基化機(jī)制
活躍的DNA去甲基化,這是一個(gè)人們了解很少的表觀遺傳學(xué)過程,涉及到除去胞嘧啶堿基上的甲基基團(tuán)。過量表達(dá)的酶TET-1能誘導(dǎo)這一過程發(fā)生,它把一個(gè)羥基基團(tuán)添加到甲基化的胞嘧啶上,將之作為去甲基化的標(biāo)簽。
J.U. Guo, et al., "Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain," Cell, 145:423-34, 2011. Evaluated by Elisabetta Tabolacci and Giovanni Neri, Universit? Cattolica del S Cuore, Italy; Faraz Sultan and David Sweatt, Univ of Alabama at Birmingham
7.植物死亡調(diào)節(jié)物
眾所周知,植物蛋白酶metacaspase的動(dòng)物同源物調(diào)節(jié)凋亡和發(fā)炎。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物擬南芥metacaspase也參與調(diào)節(jié)程序性細(xì)胞死亡和天然免疫(innate immunity),表明這些功能在不同物種之間高度保守。
N.S. Coll, et al., "Arabidopsis type I metacaspases control cell death," Science, 330:1393-7, 2011. Evaluations by Daniel Gallie, Univ of California; Beno?t Lacroix and Vitaly Citovsky, SUNY at Stony Brook; Alexei Kurakin and Roya Khosravi-Far, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
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